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![]() Brass and Glass: Optical Instruments and their MakersBy Tony Benson Draft Table of Contents(Subject to change prior to release of book)About The Author Also By Tony Benson Acknowledgements Forward How To Use This Book What this book is What this book is not Disclaimer Viewing the sun - WARNING Differentiating names A Note on I and J The London Guilds Illustrations Omissions and Inaccuracies Further Reading Reviews Navigating This Book A Abbe Apertometer Abbe, Ernst Abbe-König Prism Abbe Refractometer Abbe Spherometer Aberrations, Optical Abney Clinometer (Abney Level) Abraham, Abraham Abraham & Dancer Abraham, Robert Achromat, Achromatic Acme Optical Works Acuter Adams & Co., A. Adams, George (I) Adams, George (II) Adams, Dudley Adams, Nathaniel Adams & Co., R.T. Adie and Son Adie, Alexander James Adie, John Adie, Patrick Adie, Richard Adie and Wedderburn ADOX Kamerawerk GmbH AE Optics Aerial Telescope Aeronautical & General Instruments Ltd., (AGI) Aeroscope AGC AGFA Agilux Ltd. A.I.C. Phototechnik GmbH Ainsworth & Son, William Aitchison and Co. AJACK Ajax Akron Aktien-Gesellschaft für Anilin-Fabrikation (AGFA) Alderblick Aldis Bros. Aldis Optical Level Aldis Spherometer Alhazen (Al-Hassan Ibn al-Haytham) Alidade Alinari Allan, James (I) Allan, James (II) Alldridge Ltd., R.S. Allied Impex Corporation Alment, John Almucantar, Almacantar Alpa Alpen Optics Altiscope Altitude-Azimuth (Alt-Az) Telescope Mount Alt, Robert Amadio, Joseph Philip Amalgamated Photographic Equipment Manufacturers Ltd. (APEM) Amalgamated Photographic Manufacturers Ltd. (APM) Ambrotype American Camera Co., The American Optical Company Amici, Giovani Battista Amici Roof Prism Anamorphic Lens Anastigmat, Anastigmatic Anderson, Henry Anderson and Sons, H. Angle Mirror Angular Aperture Angular Resolution Angus, Herbert Francis Anra Manufacturing Engineers Ansco Apertometer Aperture Stop Aplanat, Aplanatic APEM APL APM Apochromat, Apochromatic Apollo Labs; Apollo Business and Industry (APL) Apomecometer Apps, Alfred Aquatic Microscope Arax Archbutt, J.&W.E. Archer, Frederick Scott Argus Armstrong, Thomas & Brother Ltd. Arnold & Richter Cine Technik Aronsberg ARRI Arsat Arsenal Factory Asahi Optical Company Ashmore, William Ashmore & Osborne Askania Werke AG Astigmatism Astrola Astrolabe Astro-Mechanik Astronomical Equipment Astronomical Interferometer Astronomik Astro Optical Industries Co. Ltd. Astro-Optische Werkstaetten Georg Tremel Astroscope Astroscopics AstroSystems Ltd. ATIK Cameras Atkey & Sons, Pascall Auriscope Automatic Level; Auto Level Avimo Avizard, René and Charles Ayscough, James Ayscough, Martha B Baader, Michael Baader Planetarium Back-staff Bailey, Henry Page Bailey, John William Baird, Alfred W. Baird, Andrew H. Baird & Sons, T. Baird, Thomas Baird & Tatlock Baigish Baker, Charles Balbreck, Maximilien Balda Bamberg, Johann Karl William Anton Bancks, Robert Bancks & Son Banks, William Barbier, Bénard, et Turenne (BBT) Bardou Bardou & Son Barker and Co., John Barlow Lens Barnet Ensign Barnet Ensign Ross Barnett, Thomas Barr, Archibald Barr and Stroud Barrow, Henry Barrow & Co., Henry Barton, John Henry Barton Linnard Ltd. Baserga, Alfred Jean François Bass, George Basset & Gowin Bate, Robert Brettel Baumann & Co., Alfred Bausch & Lomb BBT Krauss B.C. & Co. Beale, John Beck Apertometer Beck & Söhne, Christoph (CBS) Beck, Conrad Beck, Richard Beck, R.&J. Beck, Joseph Becker & Co., F.E. Beier; Beirette Beilby, Richard and Charles Beilby, Thomas Belca Bell and Howell Bell and Howell Gaumont Bellingham and Stanley Beltex Optics Bencini Bénèche, Charles Louis Bénèche & Wasserlein Bennett, John Bennett, Thomas Benoist Berthiot Berge, Matthew Berger, C.L. Berry & Mackay Bertele, Ludwig Jakob Berthiot, Claude Berthiot, Louis Bertram, Ernst & Wilhelm Bézu, Hausser, and Company Bidstrup, Jesper Billcliff Camera Works Bilora Binocular Binoculars Binocular Microscope Binocular Telescope Biolam Bio-Pleograph Bioscop (Bioskop) Bioscope Bird, John Bird-Jones Telescope Birefringence Bithray & Steane Bithray, Stephen Bithray, William Blackie, William Blair & Co., H.G. Blair Camera Co. Blachford & Imray Blazed Grating Bleuler, John Blunt, E. Blunt, E.&G.W. Blunt, Thomas Boecker, W. Emil Bogopolsky, Jacques Bolex Bollemeijer & Brans Boller & Chivens Bolsey Bontemps, Georges Borda Repeating Circle Boston Camera Co. Boston Optical Works Bottomley, James Thomson Box Camera Boyle, Charles B. Brachymedial Telescope Brachyte Bradford, George Braham, John Brandt Lens Works, R.E. Brashear Co. Ltd., John A. Braun AG Braun Camera-Werk, Carl Bray, Max Breithaupt Bresser Brewster, Sir David Brightness, Image Brimfield and Co., J. Briois, A. Britannia Works Company Britannic Britex British Acoustic Films British Crown Glass Co. British Optical Instrument Manufacturers' Association (BOIMA) British Optical Lens Company (BOLCo) British Optical and Precision Engineers British Photographic Industries Ltd. Broadhurst, Clarkson and Co. Brooks, Alfred Brown, James Brown and Co., Neville Browne & Son, Henry Brownell, Frank A. Brownie Camera Browning & Co., John Browning, John (I) Browning, John (II) Browning, John (III) Browning, Richard Browning, Samuel Browning, Samuel John Browning, William Brownscope Bruce, William Bruce and Son, Wilson and Gillie Brunner Frères Brunner, Johann Josef (Jean) Brunnings Brunson Brunton Outdoor Bryson, James Mackay Btee Fr. & Etr. Buff and Berger Buff & Buff Buff, George Louis Builder’s Level Bulloch, Walter H. Bunders, Jan Bunsen's Photometer Bunsen's Mirror Photometer Burlini, Biagio Burnet & Son, W. Burrow, W.&J. Burton, Charles Edward Burton, Edward Burton, George Burton, Mark Busch, Emil Bushnell Butcher & Sons, W. Butterfield, Michael Butyro Refractometer Byers Co. Byrne, John C Cachoix, Robert Algae Cahill, Patrick Cail, John Cail, J.&S.A. Cail, Septimus Anthony Calotype Calver, George Camera Camera-Lucida Camera-Obscura Cambridge Instrument Company Ltd. Cambridge Optronics Ltd. Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd. Campana, Guiseppe Campani, Guiseppe Campbell-Stokes Recorder Carena Carlaw, David Carpenter, Philip Carpenter & Westley Carpentier, Jules Carroll, George A. Carton Optical Industries Ltd. Carton Optical Canada Inc. (Valley Microscope) Cary, George Cary, John (I) Cary, John (II) Cary, William Casartelli Cassegrain Telescope Casella, Charles Frederic Casella, Louis Marino Casella, Louis Pascal Catadioptric Telescope Catoptric Cave Optical Co. CDGM Celestron Chadburn Chadwick, William Isaac Chamberlain, James Bradley Chamberlain & Son Chance Brothers and Co. Chance-Pilkington Optical Works Chandler, Seth Carlo Chapman & Alldridge Chérubin Cheshire Apertometer Cheshire Collimator Cheshire, Frederic J. Cheshire Optical Instrument Co. Chevalier, Paris Chevallier, Jean Gabriel Augustin Chevallier, Marie Louise Mélanie Chevallier, Pierre Marcel Augustin Chinon Choisy-le-Roi Glass-Works Chrétien, Henri Jacques Christie, Andrew Christie & Wilson Chromatic Aberration Chronodeik Chronophotography, Chronophotographic Gun Cine Cinematograph Cintel Clacey, John Clark & Sons, Alvan Clarke, Edward Clarke, William Clarkson, Alexander Claudet, Antoine François Jean Claudet and Houghton Clavé Clement Clarke Clinometer CMF Cock, Christopher Coddington Lens Coelostat Cohen, S.P. Cole, Benjamin (I) Cole, Benjamin (II) Cole, Humfrey Collimation, Collimate Collimator; Collimated Collins, Charles Collodion Process Colmont Paris Colonial Optical Company Colposcope Coma Coma Corrector Commodore Comptoir Général de Photographie Concave Diffraction Grating Concave Grating Spectrograph Condenser Lens Conrady, Alexander Eugen Constantine, Pickering & Co. Contax Contessa Camera-werke Drexler & Nagel Contessa-Nettel Cooke Optics Ltd. Cooke’s Reversible Level Cooke, Thomas Cooke and Sons, Thomas Cooke Troughton and Simms Coppock, Charles Coppock, James T. Corfield, K.G. Corner Cube Prism Corning Coronet Camera Co.; Coronet Ltd. Correction Collar (Microscope Objective) Cosina Coudé System Coulter Optical Co. Cowley Level Cox & Coombes Cox, Frederick James Cox, Hargreaves & Thomson Cox, H.W.&L.A. Cox, John Cox & Son, J. Cox, William Charles Craig, Henry W. Craig Microscope Cripps, J Criterion Mfg., Inc. Crouch, Henry Crouch, H.&W. Crown Glass Crown Optical Company Cubic Precision Cuff, John Culpeper, Edmund Curry & Paxton Cushing’s Level Cuthbert, John Cutts, J.P., (Cutts, I.P.) D Dach Prism Dacora Daguerre, Louis Daguerreotype Daiichi Kōgaku Dale, H.&E.J. Dall, Horace E.S. Dall-Kirkham Cassegrain Telescope Dallaway, Joseph James Dallmeyer, J.H. Ltd. Dalton, Charles X. Dancer, John Benjamin Danjon Prismatic Astrolabe Dark Field Microscopy David White Company Davidson & Co., F. Davidson, Thomas Davis Davis’s Quadrant Day, Francis Daystar Filters Deijl, Harmanus van Deijl, Jan van Delacroix Deleuil, Louis Joseph Dennert & Pape Dennis, John Charles Depression Rangefinder Derby Crown Glass Company Deregni (De Regni), Angelo Desiccator Pump Deutsche Spiegelglas AG De Vere (Kensington) Ltd.; De Vere Ltd. Diagonal Dial Sight Dialyte Lens Diaphanometer Diatom Prism Dickson, William Didbin's Hand Photometer Dienstglas Diffraction Grating DIN Dioptra; Diopter; Dioptre Dioptre Dipping Refractometer Director Direct Vision Prism Direct Vision Spectroscope Dispersion Distortion Dividing Engine Divini, Eustachio Dixey, Charles Wastell Dixey & Son, C.W. Dixey, Edward Dixey, George Dixey, George & Charles Dobbie & Son, Alexander Dobbie McInnes Ltd. Dobson, John Dobsonian Telescope (Mount) Docktree, Walter Dolci Brothers Dollond & Co. Dollond and Aitchison Double Image Prism Doublet Dove Prism Drew, Peter Drexler & Nagel Drum Microscope Duboscq, Louis Jules Duboscq & Pellin Ducati Ducray-Chevallier, Alexandre Victor Dufay Chromex Ltd.; Dufay Ltd. Dumaige, M. Dumpy Level Dunbar-Scott Auxiliary Top and Side Telescope Duncker, Johann Heinrich August Dynameter E Eagle Optics Ealing Corporation; Ealing Catalog Eastman Dry Plate Company Eastman, George Eastman Kodak Company Ebeling, Fritz Echelette Grating (Blazed Grating) Echelle grating Echelon Grating Echelon Spectroscope Ecole Supérieure de Optique Edgecomb, William C Edison, Thomas Alva Edixa Edmund Optics Edu Science Ehrenreich Photo Optical Industries Eichens, Freidrich Wilhelm Eikow Optics Electrotachyscope Elliott, Edwin Elliott Brothers Elliott & Sons Elliot & Sons, William Elliott, William Ellis Aquatic Microscope Emmerich Optical Company, John H. Empire Made Enbeeco Endacott Scientific Instrument Co. Endoscope Engineer Chevallier Engiscope Enhelion Ltd. Ensign Ltd. Entrance Pupil Epidiascope, Episcope Épry, Charles Equatorial Mount Erecting Prism Erfle, Heinrich Valentin Ernemann Ertel & Sohn Ertel, Traugott Leberecht von Établissements Lacour Berthiot S.A. Etalon Eumig Evans, Thomas J. Everest Theodolite Evershed Spectroscope Exakta Exit Pupil Explore Scientific Extinction Wedge Eyepiece Eye Relief F Fabry, Charles Fabry-Perot Interferometer Factory of Optical and Precision Devices H. Kolberg & Co Fairbone, Charles (I) Fairbone, Charles (II) Fallowfield, Jonathan Fantascope Fasoldt, Charles Fata Morgana Fauth, Camill Fauth & Co. Fecker, Gottlieb L. Fecker, James Walter Fecker Inc., J.W. FED Feil, Charles; Feil & Co. Feinmess Dresden GmbH Ferrania Ferrotype Ferson, Fred B. Féry Refractometer Féry Spectrograph FIAMMA Field Curvature Field Flattener Field, John Field Lens Field, Robert Field & Co., R. Field, Robert & Son Field Stop Field, W.E. Filma Filotecnica, La Filotecnica Salmoiraghi Finder Scope Fire Damp Photometer Fisher, Samuel Fitz, Henry Fitz, Henry Giles Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis Flatters & Garnett Ltd. Flavelle Brothers and Roberts Flicker Photometer Flint Glass Foca Focal Focal Plane Focal Reducer Focostat Lens Folded Optics Microscope Folding Binoculars Folding Camera Folmer & Schwing Forster, J. FOS Limited Partnership Society Ginsberg and Co Foton Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon Foucault Siderostat Foul Anchor Fournier, G. Français, E. Frank Ltd., Charles Franka Franke and Heidecke Franklin-Adams, John Franks, Abraham Franks, Aubrey Fraser, Alexander Fraser and Son, William Fraser, William Fratelli Dolci Fratelli Koristka Fraunhofer, Joseph Ritter von Freiberger Fresnel, Augustin Jean Fresnel Double Mirror Fresnel Double Prism Fresnel Lantern Fresnel Lens Fresnel Prism Frezzolini, James Fritsch, Karl Fromme Brothers Fuess, Rudolf Fujifilm Fujinon Fuji Surveying Instrument Company Ltd. Fullerscopes - Dudley Fuller G Gabory, Edmund Gaertner Scientific Corporation Gaertner, William Gailand Optical Co. Gajdušek-Kozelský Gajdušek, Vilém Galilean Telescope Galilei, Galileo Galileo Gall & Lembke Gambey, Henry Prudence Gandolfi & Sons, Louis Gardam and Sons, William Gardiner, James Blake Gardner, Henry Gardner, John Gardner and Co. Gardner & Co., M. Gardner & Lyle Gardner & Neill Gardner, Thomas R. Gardner, William Gargory, James Garland, John Gaumont Léon Gaumont & Co., L. Gaumont British Picture Corporation Gaumont Kalee Gauss, Karl Friedrich Gautier, Paul Gay, Thomas G.B. Bell and Howell G.B. Equipments G.B. Kalee G.B. Kershaw Gebrűder Fromme Geneva Optical Co. George Ltd., W.&J. George and Becker, W.&J. Gerhardt Optik GmbH German Equatorial Mount German Makers' Ordnance Codes for Optical Products GeoMax Gerrard, W. Ghost Micrometer Gieves Ltd., Gieves & Hawkes Ltd. Gilbert & Gilkerson Gilbert, John (I) Gilbert, John (II) Gilbert, John (III) Gilbert & Son; Gilbert & Sons Gilbert, William Gilbert & Wright Gilbert, Wright & Hooke Gilbert, W.&T. Gilkerson, James Gilles, Alexandre François Gillett and Sibert Ginsberg, Aleksander Giroux & Cie, Alphonse Glan-Foucault Prism Glan-Thompson Prism Glass, Optical Glass Perfection Godfrey, Thomas Goerz, Carl Paul GOI Goniometer Gorizont; Horizon Gosudarstvennyy Opticheskiy Institut (GOI) Gosudarstvennyi Optiko-Mehanicheskiy Zavod (GOMZ) Goodall, L. Odell Goto Inc. Gould, Charles Gould, Charlotte Hyde Gould, Henry Gould & Porter Gowllands Ltd. Graflex Graham, George Graphic Telescope Graphoscope; Graphostereoscope Gravatt, William Gray, John (I) Gray, John (II) Gray & Keen Green, John Greenkat Greenough Binocular Microscope Gregg, William T. Gregorian Telescope Gregory, Gilbert & Co. Gregory, Gilbert & Wright Gregory, Henry Gregory, James Gregory & Co., W. Gregory & Wright Grice, William Hawks Griffin & George Griffin & Sons, John J. Griffin & Tatlock Griffith, Ezra H. Griffiths & Co. Ltd., Walter Grocers, Worshipful Company of Grubb, Sir Howard Grubb, Sir Howard and Sons Grubb Parsons Grubb Telescope Company Grubb, Thomas Grunow, J.&W. Guan Sheng Optical (GSO) Guaranteed Lens Co. Guinand, Aimé Guinand, Henry Guinand, Pierre Louis Gundlach, Ernst Gundlach-Manhattan Optical Co. Gundlach Optical Co. Gundlach Photo-Optical Co. Gunner's Quadrant Gunter’s Quadrant Gurley, W.&L.E. Gustav Heyde Mathematisch-Mechanisches Institut Optische Präzisions-Werkstätten GX Microscopes (GT Vision) Gyro-Theodolite H Haag-Streit Hadley, John Hadley's Quadrant Hahn, A Haking (Xinhui) Optical Ltd., W. Halden, Joseph and Company Hale, George Ellery Halina Hall and Brothers Ltd., A.H. Hall Brothers Hall, Chester Moor Hall & Watts Ltd. Hamblin Ltd., Theodore Hapo Hanimex Hardin Optical Company Hare, George Hargreaves, Frederick J. Harling, W.H. Harris, Thomas Harris & Son, Thomas Harrisons Opticians Harris, Philip Harris, William Hartnack, Edmund Hartnack and Prazmowski Harvey & Peak Harvey, Reynolds and Co. Hasselblad Hauksbee, Francis Haw and Reynolds Hawke Sport Optics Hawkins & Wale Hawksley & Sons Hearn & Harrison Hearne, George Hearne & Jackson Hearson, Charles Heath and Co. Heath, Thomas (I) Heath, Thomas (II) Heath, William Heath and Wing Heliograph Heliometer Helios Heliostat Heliostate Heliotrope Heller & Brightly Helmholtz, Hermann von Hen, Hendrik Henderson, Angus Henry, Paul and Prosper Hensoldt, Moritz Heron, David Heron & McGregor Herring, Alika Herschel Prism Herschel Wedge Herschel, William Herschelian Telescope Hertel & Reuss Hexagon AB Heyde Gustav Hezzanith H.H. & Son Ltd. Hicks, James Joseph Highley, Samuel Hilger, Adam Hilger Interferometer Hilger & Watts Hilkin Hilkinson Hill, Peter Himmler, Karl Otto Hindle, John Henry Hindley, Henry Hinds, David Hinds, David Graham Hino Kinzoku Sangyo Co. Hino Optical Co. Hitomi Optical Machine Co. Hiyoshi Optical Company Holcomb, Amasa Holmes, J.K.M. Holmes, Booth & Haydens Holmes Brothers Hooke, Benjamin Hooke, Robert Hooker, John Daggett Horiguchi Optical Company Horne & Thornthwaite Horne, Thornthwaite and Wood Hoskold's Transit Theodolite Houghton-Butcher Houghton, George How, James Howard, Charles P. Howe, John Howe, Joseph Hoya Hudson & Son Huet et Cie Huggins Huggins, William Hughes, Henry Hughes and Son, Henry Hughes, Joseph (I) Hughes, Joseph (II) Hummel Optical Co. Ltd. Hunt of Cork Hunter, R.F. Hunter & Sands Huntley, Robert Hurlimann, A. Husbands and Clarke Husbands, Henry Husbands and Sons Husun Husun Marine Distance Meter Hutchinson, George Huygens, Christian Hyland Optical Technologies Hy Score Hysom, Jim Hytel Optics I Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Hassan ICA ICAF Iceland Spar IG Farben AG Ihagee Kamerawerk Steenbergen & Co. Ilex Camera Works Ilex Manufacturing Co. Ilford Iloca Image Plane Immersion Objective Impersonal Prismatic Astrolabe Imray and Son, J. Ingénieur Chevallier Institut d’Optique Interference Colour Photography Interferometer Inverted Microscope Iris de Paris Irving & Sons, H.N. J Jackenkroll, A., Optische Anstalt GmbH Jackson A.C. Jackson, Joseph Jaegers Optical Corporation, A. Jägermeister Jamin Refractometer Jannsen, Zacharias Japanese Manufacturers' Codes for Optical Products JB codes Jecker, François-Antoine Jenoptik Jessops Jewel Lens Jinghua Optical & Electronics Co. Ltd. JIS Jobin, Amédé Joblot, Louis Johannsen, Asmus Jointed Microscope Jones-Bird Telescope Jones, Charles Jones & Gray Jones, Gray & Keen Jones, John Jones, Thomas Jones, W.&S. JTW Astronomy K Kahles, Karl Kalee Kaleidoscope Kamera Werkstätten (KW) Kaspereit, Otto Karl Kazan Optical and Mechanical Plant (KOMZ) Keary, P.J. Keeler Ltd. Keen, Robert John Kellner, Carl Kelvin, Bottomley and Baird Kelvin and Hughes Kelvin and James White Ltd. Kenko Co. Ltd.; Kenko Tokina Co. Ltd. Keohan, Thomas Kepler, Johannes Kepler Optik Keplerian Telescope Keratometer Keratoscope Kern & Co. Kershaw, Abraham and Sons Kershaw Optical Co. Kershaw Projector Co. Ltd. Kershaw-Soho Ltd. Keuffel & Esser Kharkov Machine-Building Plant (FED) Kiev (КИЕВ) Kinematograph Kinetograph Kinetoscope King King and Son, John King, John (I) King, John (II) King and Coombs King Optics King and Son King, Thomas Davies Kino Precision Industries Kinux Kiron Klein, W. Kleine, C.B. Klönne and Müller Knight, George Knight & Sons, George Knox & Shain Kolberg, Henryk Kollmorgen Kollsman Instrument Company, Inc. KMZ Kodak Kodak-Pathé Köhler, August Köhler Illumination KOMZ Konica Konica Minolta König, Albert Konus Koristka, Franz Kowa Koyu Company Ltd. Kozelský, František Krasnogorskij Mechanicheskij Zavod (KMZ) Krauss, E. Krauss, G.A. Kronos Krüss, Andres Kuhlmann, Franz Kunming United Optics Corporation Kürbi & Niggeloh Kyocera Kyowa Optical Co. Ltd. L L3 Brashear L3 SSG L3 Technologies Laboratory Optical Co. Lacour-Berthiot Ladd, William Lamier, Paris Lancaster and Son, J. Lane & Sons, J.L. Langley Inclinometer Lantern Laser Latham Brothers Laurent, Léon Lawley Lawrence & Mayo Leaf Lealand, Peter H. Lean's Miners' Theodolite Leech (Rochester) Ltd. Leedham & Robinson Leica Heerbrugg AG Leica Camera Leica Geosystems Leica Microsystems Leicester Astronomical Centre Ltd. Leiner and Bertram Leitz Lejeune & Perken Lemaire Lemardeley et Fils Leningrad Optical Mechanical Association (LOMO) Lennie Opticians Lenoir, Etienne Lenoir, Paul Etienne Marie Lens Lensball Lensman Microscope Lens Measure Lenticular Stereoscope Lerebours, Noël-Jean Lerebours, Noël Marie Paymal Lerebours & Secretan Leupold Level Levi & Co., Joseph Levi & Co., S.J. Lichtenknecker Optics Lieberkühn, Johann N. Lieberkühn Mirror Lieberman and Gortz Liebig, Justus von Lietz Company, The Lilley & Son, Ltd., John Limer Linnell, Elijah Linnell, George Linnell, Joseph Linnell, Robert Lippershey, Hans Lippmann, Gabriel Lister, Joseph Jackson Littrow Littrow Quartz Spectrograph Lizars, John Lloyd’s Mirror Interferometer Loewy, Maurice Loft, Matthew LOMO London Stereoscopic Co. Ltd. Long, James Lonsdale Bros. Lorenz Scientific Ltd. Loupe Magnifier Lowdon, George Lucernal Microscope Lucking & Co., James Ludolph, W Lumière Lummer Brodhun photometer Lummer and Gehrcke Interferometer Lundin, Robert Lundy, J.F. Lunt Lutz, Edouard Lyle, James Lynch, James Lytkarino Optical Glass Factory (LZOS) M Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Macrae, Henry Magic Lantern Magnetograph Magnusson, O. Mailhat, R. Maison Bardou Maison Chevallier Maison de l’Ingénieur Chevallier Maison Lerebours & Secretan Maksutov Telescope Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope Mamiya Manent, Maurice Mangin, Colonel Alphonse Mangin Mirror Manhattan Optical Company Mann & Ayscough, James & James Mann, James (I) Mann, James (II) Mann, John Mantois, Edouard Marey, Étienne-Jules Marindin Rangefinder Marine Instruments Marion & Co. Marion & Foulger Marratt & Ellis Marratt, John Symonds Marratt & Short Mars Marsh, Rev. D.B. Marshall, John Martin, Adolphe Alexandre Martin, Benjamin Martin, Joshua Lover Martz Jr., Edwin P. Mason, John Mason, Robert George Mason, Thomas Mathematical-Mechanical Institute Reichenbach, Utzschneider and Liebherr Mawson & Swan Mayflower McAllister & Brother McAllister, Thomas H. McArthur Microscopes McGregor, Duncan McIntosh, Thomas McIntosh, Dr. L.D. Meade Instruments Meagher, P. Medial Telescope Megameter Meiji Techno Co. Ltd. Mekometer Meniscus Lens Meopta Meridian Circle Meridian Instrument Meridional Telescope Merker, Ludwig Merz, Georg Merz, Jakob and Matthias Merz, Georg & Sigmund Merz and Mahler Merz, Sigmund Merz and Söhne Metal Metz Apertometer Meyer & Co., Hugo Meyerstein, Moritz Michelson, Albert Abraham Michelson’s Interferometer Microfiche Microfilm Micrograph Microphotograph Micro Precision Products Ltd. Microscope Microspectroscope Microtome Midland Camera Co. Ltd. Mignonne, La Milbro Photographic Miller and Adie Miller Brothers Miller, John Milo Minolta Mirador Mirand, Antoine and Jean Miranda Camera Company Mitscherlich goniometer Mittelstrass, Gebr. MIZAR Optical Japan Mizar Tech Ltd. M-Katera Mogey, W.&D. Mogey & Sons Inc., William Moginie, William Möller, Johann Diedrich Molteni Monolux Moody Bell, William Moonraker Telescopes Moravian Instruments Morgan, Francis Morgan, John Morley, W.H.; Morley & Cooper Morrison, Richard Motion Picture Image Reproduction Mountain Transit Theodolite MPP Photographic Products Ltd. Mudge, John Munro, R.W. Mural Arc Mural Circle Mural Quadrant Murnaghan Industries Murray & Heath Murray, Robert Museum Microscope Muybridge, Eadweard N Nachet, Camille Sébastien Nachet et Fils Nachet, Jean Alfred Nachet's Prism Nagel, Dr. August Nagler, Al Nairne, Edward Nairne and Blunt Nash-Kelvinator Corporation Nasmyth, James National Geographic National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Nedinsco Negretti and Zambra Neill, Robert Nettel Camera-werke Newbold & Bulford Newman, Arthur S. Newman & Guardia Ltd. Newman, John Newman & Simpson Newman & Sinclair Ltd. Newton & Co., H. (Liverpool) Newton & Co. (London) Newton and Wright Newton, F. Newton, H.C. Newton NM1 Microscope Newton, W.E. Newton, W.E.&F. Newton, Sir Isaac Newtonian Telescope Nickel Nicol Prism Nicol, William Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce de St Victor, Claude Félix Abel Niezoldi & Krämer Night Optics Nihon Seiko Kenkyusho, Ltd. Nikon Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha Nishimura Co. Ltd. Nissen, Jules Nivoc Nobert, Friedrich Adolph Noctovist Norman, John Thomas Norrenberg Polariscope Northrop Grumman Corporation Nottingham Instruments Ltd. Novak & Company, Kenneth Novosibirsk Instrument-Making Plant (NPZ) Numerical Aperture Nye Optical Co. O Oberhäuser, Johann Georg Oberwerk Objective Lens Obukhov Optical Works Octant OCT Scanner Ocular Ocular Instruments Inc. Off-Axis Officine Galileo Ohara Oil Immersion Objective Okada Kōgaku Oleorefractometer Olivo, Angelo Olympus Omegon Omnimeter Ophthalmoscope Ophthalmometer Oppelt, Johann Balthasar Optica b/c Optical Axis Optical Coherence Tomography Optical Craftsmen, The Optical Glass Optical Hardware Optical Surfaces Optical Square Optical Techniques Inc. Optical Vision Ltd. (OVL) Opticron Optics - Feinmess Dresden VEB Optigraph Optique et Précision de Levallois (OPL) Optikotechna Optimus Optische Fabrik M. Baader Optisches Institut Optisches Institut von A. Krüss Optolyth Optometer Optron Laboratory Ordnance Codes Orion Orion Optics UK Orion Seiki Sangyō Y.K. Orthoscope Orthoscopic Osborne Osborne, Thomas P.G. Ostara Otoscope Ottewill, Thomas Otto Walter Ottway & Co. Ltd., W. Oxyhydrogen Microscope P Pacific Instruments Paillard Bolex Palar Paludan, D.A. Pancratic Panoptikon Parallactic Ladder Mount Parallactic Telescope Paraxial Park, Henry Parker and Co., A.G. Parker Hale Parkes and Son, James Parkes and Sons, John Parks Optical Parra, Numa Parra Mantois et Cie Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon Parsons Optical Glass Company Parsons, William, third Earl of Rosse Pastorelli, Francis John Pastorelli, London Pastorelli, Liverpool Pastorelli & Rapkin Pathé, Charles Pathéscope Paul, Robert William Pellin, Philibért François Pelorus Pentacon Pentaprism Pentax (Pentax Corporation) Periscope Periscopic Lens Periscopic Prism Company (PPCo) Perken, Son and Rayment Perkin Elmer Perot, Jean-Baptiste Alfred Perry, Charles Perspective; Perspective Glass Petitdidier, Octave Leon Petit, L. Petrograd Porcelain Works Petzval, Josef Max Phase Contrast Microscope Phase One Phelps & Gurley Phénakistiscope Phoneidoscope Photochrom, Photochrome, Photochromy Photograph Photographic Film Photographometer Photographic Zenith Tube (PZT) Photo Heliograph Photometer Photophone Photoscope Photo-Survey Camera Photo-Theodolite Pickart, Alexandre Auguste Pignons SA Pike, Benjamin Pilkington Pillischer Pilot, Etienne Pinhole Camera Pistor, Carl Philipp Heinrich Pistor & Martins Pistor & Schieck Pizzala Placido’s Disc Plath, Carl Pleograph Plössl, Gustáv Simon Polam Polar Clock Polarex Polarimeter Polariscope Polarization Polaroid Polar Scope Polar Siderostat Polemoscope Polish Optical Industries (PZO) Polygonoscope Polyoptrum; Polyoptron Ponder and Best Porro, Ignazio Porro Prism Porst Porter, Henry Potter, John D. Pouilly, J. Pouzet, Gustav Powell, Hugh Powell & Lealand Powell, Thomas Hugh Praktica Praktina Praxinoscope Precision Optical Co. Ltd. Prentice, James Prin, Georges Prince, Abraham Prinz Optics Prior Scientific Prior & Co. Ltd., W.R. Prism Prismatic Astrolabe Prism Photometer Pritchard, Andrew Pritchard, Charles Pritchard, Edward Proctor Beilby & Co Progress Optics Projector Prontor Prospect; Prospective Glass; Prospect Glass Prószyński, Kazimierz Proteam Pulfrich Refractometer Pullin and Co., R.B. Purma Cameras Ltd. Purser and Brother, H.F. Purus Putois, Etienne Antoine Putois, Marie Pye & Co., W.G. Pyrex Pyser-SGI (Pyser Optics Ltd.) PZO Q QHYCCD Qioptiq Quadrant Quartz Spectrograph Queen & Company, James W. Queslin, Adélaïde Amanda Queslin, Pierre Louis Amédée Questar Quintant R Radiguet & Massiot Rainbow Rajar Ramsden Disc Ramsden, Jesse Rangefinder (Optical) Rank, J. Arthur Rapid Rentilinear Lens RAS Thread Raspail's Simple Chemical Microscope Rathenow Optical Works Ray & Co., J.W. Rayleigh Criterion Reed International Group Reeve's Distance Finder Reeves, John Reeves, Richard Reflecting Circle Reflecting Microscope Reflecting Telescope; Reflector Reflection Grating Reflex Mirror Refracting Telescope; Refractor Refractive Index Refractometer Regent Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach, Utzschneider and Liebherr Reichert, C., Optische Werke Reid and Sigrist Relay Lens Repeating Circle Repsold & Söhne, A. Research Enterprises Ltd. (REL) Revue; Revueflex Reynaud, Charles-Émile Reynolds and Branson Reynolds & Wiggins Richard, Félix-Max Richard, Jules Richards of Falmouth Richardson, Adie & Co. Ltd. Richardson, George Richardson, Matthew Richie's Photometer Ricoh Rider, Job Rienks, S.J. Rietzschel Rifle-Scope Riggs and Brother Ringfoto Ring Laser Gyroscope Ritchey-Chrétien Telescope Ritchey, George Willis RMS Thread Robbins, J.&C. Roberts & Co., Austin Robertson, William Robinson & Barrow Robinson & Sons, James Robinson, John Robinson, Thomas Charles Rochette, Gaspard Rochette Jeune Rochette Père Rodenstock Roessler, Paul Rollei Ronchetti Roof Pentaprism Roof Prism Ross, Andrew Ross, Thomas; Ross & Co. Ross Ltd., London Ross-Ensign Ltd. Ross Optics Rotoscope Rouch & Co., W.W. Rowell, Thomas Rowland Concave Diffraction Grating Rowland, Henry Augustus Rowley, John Royal Rubergall, Thomas Ruhnke Rumford's Photometer Ruper Russian and Soviet Makers' Marks Rust, Ebenezer (I) Rust, Ebenezer (II) Rust, Joseph (I) Rust, Richard Rutherford, Lewis Morris Rutherford's Prism Ryland & Son Ltd., H.C. S Saegmuller, George N. Saegmuller & Co., George N. Sagnac Interferometer Salanson & Co., H. Salmoiraghi, Angelo Salmoiraghi and Viganò Salmon, William John Salom & Co. Salyut Sanders & Co. Sanders & Crowhurst Sanderson, F.H. Sands & Hunter San Giorgio Sankei Koki Seisakujo Inc. Sard Sartory Instruments Sawyers Scarlett, Edward (I) Scarlett, Edward (II) Scheffel, Mark Schenk, Ulrich Schieck, Friedrich Wilhelm Schiefspiegler Schmidt, Bernhardt Schmidt Camera Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope Schmidt-Pechan Prism Schneider Dresden Schneider Kreuznach Schneider Creusot Schott AG Schott, Otto Schrauer, Leopold Schröder, Heinrich Ludwig Hugo Schupmann, Ludwig Science of Cambridge Ltd. Science Tech Scientific Instrument Manufacturers' Association of Great Britain (SIMA) Scientific Optics Ltd. Scioptic Ball Scott, Benjamin Seagull Seben Secrétan, Marc François Louis Seeadler Optik Seibert, Wilhelm and Heinrich Seiko Scope Seiwa Optical Company Ltd. Self-Levelling Level Sellew, Roland W. Selligue Selo Ltd. Selsi Selva, Domenico (I) Selva, Domenico (II) Selva, Guiseppe Selva, Lorenzo Semitecolo, Leonardo Sextant Sextant Rangefinder Shanghai Camera Factory Shanghai Seagull Digital Camera Co. Sherwood and Co. Shew & Co., J.F. Shew, J.J. Shimadzu Short, James (I) Short, James (II) Short, Thomas Showa Koki Seizou Co. Ltd. Showa Optronics Company Ltd. (SOC) Shuron Optical Shuttlewood, Cliff Shuttleworth, Henry Raynes Siderostat Sidle & Company, John W. (Acme Optical Works) Sidle & Poalk Sigma Corporation Sigma Research Silraft Simmance-Abady Photometer Simmons Optics Simms, James (I) Simms, James (II) and George Simms, William (I) Simms, William (II) Simms, William (III) & (IV), and James (III) & (IV) Sinclair & Co. Ltd., James A. Sine Condition Sisson, Jeremiah Sisson, Jonathan Skybolt Skylight Telescopes Sky-optic ball Skywatcher Slade, W. Slit Lamp SLR Camera Smith & Beck Smith, Beck & Beck Smith, Caleb Smith, Dwight Lyman Smith, George Smith, James (I) Smith, James (II) Smith, Jeppe Smith, John (I) Smith, John (II) Smith, Joseph (I) Smith, Joseph (II) Smith, Robert Smith & Sons, S. (England) Smiths Industries Smith's Quadrant Società Scientifica Radio Brevetti Ducati (SSRD) Société des Etablissements Gaumont Société des Etablissements Krauss (SEK) Société Genevoise Société Industrielle d'Instruments de Précision Société Optique et Précision de Levallois S.A. (OPL) Société d'Optique et de Mécanique (SOM) Société d'Optique, Précision, Electronique et Mécanique (SOPEM, Sopelem) Soho Ltd. Sokkia Sokkisha Solar Camera Solar Microscope Soleil, François Soleil, Henri Soleil, Jean Baptiste François Soligor GmbH Solomons, Samuel and Benjamin SOM-Berthiot Sony Sorby, Henry Clifton Southern Precision Instrument Company (SPI) Spear, Richard Spectacle Makers, Worshipful Company of Spectra Geospatial Spectrograph Spectroheliograph Spectrometer Spectrophotometer Spectroscope Speculum Spencer & Browning Spencer, Browning & Co. Spencer Browning & Rust Spencer, Charles Achilles Spencer and Eaton Spencer, Herbert Spencer, John Spencer & Son, John Spencer Lens Company Spencer & Smith Optical Co. Spencer, William (I) Spencer, William (II) Spherical Aberration Sphero-cylindrical Lens Spherometer Spider; Spider Vane Spina, Alessandro Spindler & Hoyer Spinoza, Benedict de Spinthariscope Split Image Telescope Spotting Scope Springer, Joshua Springfield Spyglass Srb and Štys Stackpole & Brother Stadimeter Staley & Co., A.E. Staley, Shew & Co. Stancliffe, John Standard Optical Co. Stanhope Lens (Microscope) Stanley, William Ford Starlight Xpress Star-Liner Company Statham, William Edward STC Steiner Steinheil & Söhne Stellar Interferometer Stendicke, August Stereopticon Stereoscope Sterrop, Avis Sterrop, George Sterrop, Jane Sterrop, Mary Sterrop, Mary & Son Sterrop, Ralph Sterrop, Thomas (I) Sterrop, Thomas (II) Sterrop & Yarwell Steward, J.H. Steward Telemeter Stewart's Distance-Finder Stiassnie, Maurice Stoney, George Johnstone Stoney Heliostat Strathspey Stroud, William Stuart's Distance Meter Sun Camera Co. Ltd. Sunagor Sunny Group Co. Ltd. Super 8 Sutcliffe Self-Recording Keratometer Swallow Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson Swann, Thomas Swarovski Optik Sweeney, Edward Swift and Son, James Swift Sport Optics Symmetroscope Synta Technology Corporation of Taiwan T Tacheometer Tagliabue, Caesar Tagliabue and Casella Taisei Optical Equipment Manufacturing TaiYuan Optical Instruments Takahashi Tal Talbot & Eamer Talbot, William Henry Fox Tamaya Technics Inc. Tamron Co. Ltd. Tanzutsu Tasco Tavistock Theodolite Taylor, Harold Dennis Taylor, Wilfred Taylor, Taylor and Hobson Taylor, Thomas Smithies Tectron Telescopes Teinoscope Teleconverter Teledyne-Gurley Teleiconograph Teleidoscope Telemax Telemeter Telephoto Lens Telescope Telescopics Telespectroscope Telestereoscope Tele Vue Telstar Tento Terada, Shintaro Terrascan Tetragonal Prism Texereau, Jean T.G. & Co. Thales Optronics Ltd. Theatograph Theodolite Thompson Prism Thompson, Silvanus P. Thomson, Elihu Thomson, John Victor Thomson, William Thornoe’s Refractometer Thornton Ltd., A.G. Thornton-Pickard Manufacturing Co. Ltd. Thorp's Diffraction Grating Thorp’s Diffraction Spectroscope Three Mirror Telescope TI Asahi Co. Ltd. Tilted Component Telescope Tilting Level Tinsley, Clayton R. Tinsley Laboratories Inc. Tintype Tiyoda TLR Camera Tohyoh Tokina Co. Ltd. Tokyo Kogaku Kikai KK Tokyo Optical Co. Ltd. Tolles, Robert Bruce Topcon Corporation Toric Lens Total Internal Reflection Total Station Towa, Japan Transit Transit Circle Transit Instrument Transit Level Transit Telescope Transit Theodolite Tremel, Georg Trimble Inc. Triple Alliance Triplet Trochon, François Troughton, Edward Troughton, John (I) Troughton, John (II) Troughton, J.&E. Troughton and Simms True-Vue TRY ME Tulley, Charles Tulley, Henry Tulley & Sons, C. Turnbull, J.M; Turnbull & Co. Tuther, John Penn Twyman, Frank U Ulrich Ultra-Violet Glass Spectrograph Underwood, E.&T. Unicam Instruments Union Optical Co. Ltd. Uniscope Uni-Scope Optical Systems Ltd. United Kingdom Optical Company Ltd. United Trading Co. Unitor Unitron Universal Camera Corporation University Optics Inc. UQG Optics Uranostat Urban, Charles; Urban Bioscope Usener, Charles F. U.S. Naval Gun Factory Optical Shop Annex Utzschneider, Joseph von Utzschneider and Merz V Valley Microscope Van Cort Instruments Vanguard Varley, Cornelius Vasseur & Cie, A. le Vaughan, C.B. Vavilov State Optical Institute (GOI) Veitch, James Verascope Verick, M. Constant Vernier Reading Theodolite Vernonscope & Co. Vertical Illuminator Vial, Jules Vickers Video Camera Vidhya-Bhand Viewfinder Camera Viewmaster Viganò, Angelo Vignette Vignetting Vignetter Viking Optical Ltd. Vion Viper Viper Optics Visiometer Vision Engineering Ltd. Vista Outdoor Inc. Vitascope Vivascope Vivitar Vixen Co. Ltd. Voigt & Hochgesang Voigtländer Volk Optical Ltd. Vortex Optics W Waechter, Paul Wale, George Wale & Morrison Wales, William Wall, John Warner & Swasey Co. Warsaw Cine-technical Works Warsaw Photo-Optical Works (WZFO) Warwick Bioscope Warwick Trading Company Wasserlein, Rudolph Water Immersion Objective Watkin Clinometer Watkin Depression Rangefinder Watkin, Major H.S. Watkin Mekometer Watkins, Francis (I) Watkins, Francis (II) Watkins & Hill Watkins, Jeremiah & Walter Watkins & Smith Watson-Baker, Wilfred Ernest Watson-Baker Co. Ltd. Watson Barnet Watson Brothers Watson-Conrady Watson, Thomas W. Watson, William (I) Watson & Sons Ltd, W. Watson & Sons, W., Melbourne Watt, James Watts & Son, E.R. Watts, James Waugh, James Waymouth-Cooke Rangefinder Waymouth-Ross Sextant Rangefinder Wedderburn, Thomas Weeden, Daniel Weeden, E. Weeden, Michael Weeden, William John Weems & Plath Weiss, Hans Optik Welch Allyn Welta Werkstätten für Präzisions Mechanik und Optik West, Charles Robert West, Francis West, Francis L. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. Wheatstone, Sir Charles Wheatstone's Photometer Wheeler, Edmund White, James Whitford, Samuel Whitford, Thomas Whyte, James (I) Whyte, James (II) Whyte, Thomson & Co. Widdowson, J. Wiesel, Johann Wild Heerbrugg Wild, Heinrich Wild Leitz AG Group Wildey, Henry Willard & Co., J.W. William Optics Willson & Dixey Willson, George Willstrop, Dr. Roderick V. Wilson, George Wing, Tycho Winkel, Rudolf Winkel-Zeiss Winspear, John Emanuel Winter & Son, T.B. Wirgin With, George Henry Witherspoon, Earl Wöhler, Dr. F.A. Wollaston, Francis Wollaston, William Hyde Wollaston Doublet Wollaston Prism Wood, Edward George Wood, George Smart Wooley, Sons & Co. Ltd., James Worthington & Allan Worthington, Nathaniel Wray Optical Works Ltd. Wright, Gabriel Wright, John Wright, Lewis Wright, Russel S. Wright, Thomas (I) Wright, Thomas (II) Würdemann, William Wye-Level WZFO X X-Ray Optics Y Yamamoto Seisakusyo Yarwell, John Yawman & Erbe Yashica Yeates & Son Yeates, Andrew Yeates, George Yeates, Samuel Y Level YOSCO Youle, William Young & Sons Young, Thomas Young, William J. Yukon Advanced Optics Worldwide Z Zagorsk Optical and Mechanical Plant (ZOMZ) Zeiss, Carl Zeiss Ikon Zenit Zenith Zenith Sector Zenith Telescope Zennox Zenobia Kōgaku Zentmayer, Joseph Zoetrope Zhumell ZOMZ Zoogyriscope, Zoogyroscope Zoom Lens Zoöpraxiscope (Zoogyroscope) Zorki Zschokke, Paul ZWO Glossary and Abbreviations Glossary Abbreviations Appendix I: Barr & Stroud Binoculars Galilean Binoculars Porro Prism Binoculars 6x Models Two CF5 Models 7x Models 8x Models 10x Models 12x Models 15x Models Opera Glasses Serial Numbers Binoculars by OVL Appendix II: Eyepieces Overview Telescope Eyepieces Microscope Eyepieces Binocular Eyepieces Eyepiece Designs Appendix III: German Wartime Makers' Ordnance Codes for Optical Products Appendix IV: Japanese Symbols and Codes for Optical Products Makers' Marks JB codes Appendix V: Russian and Soviet Makers' Marks A Note on Soviet Era Marks Makers' Marks Appendix VI: Optical Glass Properties of Optical Glass Types of Optical Glass Crown Glass Flint Glass Optical Coatings Optical Glass Makers Bonding Optical Glasses Appendix VII: Spencer, Browning & Rust References Bibiliography and references Icons made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
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